Further reading
*Tsuchida, K. . ''Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic phonology''. [Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku.
Saturday, September 27, 2008
Tsou language
The Tsou language is the language of the , a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan . It is a Formosan language of the family.
*Tsuchida, K. . ''Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic phonology''. [Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku.
*Tsuchida, K. . ''Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic phonology''. [Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku.
Truku language
Truku language, or Taroko language, one of the Taiwanese aboriginal languages, is spoken by the Truku people. It has many alternative names, such as "Taroko", which is used in ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. There are 4,750 speakers.
The language has 19 consonants and 5 vowels. It is written in Latin alphabet.
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. , 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
The language has 19 consonants and 5 vowels. It is written in Latin alphabet.
Bibliography
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. , 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
Thao language
Thao is the language of the , a tribe of Taiwanese aborigines in the region of Sun Moon Lake in central Taiwan. In 2000 there were approximately 5 or 6 speakers, all but one of whom were over the age of sixty. It is a Formosan language of the family. Thao dialect is related to Ilocano, the dialect in the north of the Philippines. Some words and phrases are the same as the dialect use in the Philippines.
Thao has two or arguably three patterns of reduplication: Ca-reduplication, full reduplication, and rightward reduplication .
* . ''Thao dictionary''. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics , Academic Sinica.
Phonology
Reduplication
Thao has two or arguably three patterns of reduplication: Ca-reduplication, full reduplication, and rightward reduplication .
Further reading
* . ''Thao dictionary''. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics , Academic Sinica.
Tao language
The Tao language
|-
|Christ||Kizisto||kirisuto
|-
|Doctor||koysang||o-isha-san?
|-
|Flashlight||dingki||denki
|-
|Holy Spirit||seyzi||seirei
|-
|Key||kagi||kagi
|-
|Medicine||kosozi||kusuri
|-
|Motorcycle||otobay||ootobai
|-
|Police||kisat||keisatsu
|-
|School||gako||gakkÅ
|-
|School bag||kabang||kaban
|-
|Teacher||sinsi||sensei
|-
|Ticket||kipo||kippu
|-
|Truck||tozako||torakku
|}
|-
|Christ||Kizisto||kirisuto
|-
|Doctor||koysang||o-isha-san?
|-
|Flashlight||dingki||denki
|-
|Holy Spirit||seyzi||seirei
|-
|Key||kagi||kagi
|-
|Medicine||kosozi||kusuri
|-
|Motorcycle||otobay||ootobai
|-
|Police||kisat||keisatsu
|-
|School||gako||gakkÅ
|-
|School bag||kabang||kaban
|-
|Teacher||sinsi||sensei
|-
|Ticket||kipo||kippu
|-
|Truck||tozako||torakku
|}
Chinese loanwords
Taiwanese Sign Language
Taiwanese Sign Language is the sign language most commonly used in Taiwan. It is the of some 50,000 people in the Republic of China.
TSL was heavily influenced by Japanese Sign Language during and thus has some with both Japanese Sign Language and Korean Sign Language. After , Taiwan absorbed an influx of sign language users from mainland China who influenced TSL through and loanwords.
There are two main dialects of TSL centered around two of the three major sign language schools in Taiwan: one in Taipei, the other in Tainan City .
Serious linguistic research on TSL began in the 1970s and is continuing at present. The first International Symposium on Taiwan Sign Language Linguistics was held on March 1-, 2003, at in Minhsiung, , Taiwan.
TSL was heavily influenced by Japanese Sign Language during and thus has some with both Japanese Sign Language and Korean Sign Language. After , Taiwan absorbed an influx of sign language users from mainland China who influenced TSL through and loanwords.
There are two main dialects of TSL centered around two of the three major sign language schools in Taiwan: one in Taipei, the other in Tainan City .
Serious linguistic research on TSL began in the 1970s and is continuing at present. The first International Symposium on Taiwan Sign Language Linguistics was held on March 1-, 2003, at in Minhsiung, , Taiwan.
Sinckan Manuscripts
The Sinckan Manuscripts refers to a series of leases, mortgages, and other commerce contracts written in the Sinckan language; they are commonly referred to as the "fanzi contracts." Some are written only in a romanized script, while others were bilingual with adjacent Han writing. Currently there are approximately 140 extant documents written in Sinckan; they are important in the study of culture and Taiwanese history in general although there are only a few scholars who can understand them.
The Sinckan language was spoken by the Siraya tribe that lived in what is now . During the time when Taiwan was under the administration of the Dutch East India Company, Dutch missionaries learned Sinckan to facilitate both missionary work and government affairs. They also created a romanized script and compiled a dictionary of the language, teaching the natives how to write their own language.
In 1625, Maarten Sonck, the Dutch governor of Taiwan, requested that the Netherlands send two to three missionaries to Taiwan for the purpose of converting the natives. However, the first group to arrive were visiting missionaries who did not have the authority to perform baptism rites. It was not until June of 1627 that the first real minister, Rev. Georgius Candidius, arrived, upon which missionary work in Taiwan began in earnest. The first area to be targeted, the Sinckan settlement, had many converts by 1630.
In 1636, the Dutch started a school for the Sinckan that not only featured religious instruction, but also provided schooling in Western literature. Because the Dutch advocated missionary work to be done in the native language, the school was taught in the Sinckan language. The missionary Robertus Junius recorded in his 1643 education report that the Sinckan school had enrolled 80 students, of which 24 were learning to write and 8 to 10 had solid penmanship, while in neighboring Baccaluan school there were 90 students, of which 8 knew how to write.
Aside from proselytizing, the missionaries also compiled dictionaries and books of religious doctrine; they translated Gospel of Matthew into Sinckan and also compiled a vocabulary of Favorlang, another aboriginal language. These would become important sources for later research. The most important Sinckan documents were the contracts between the Sinckan and the Han settlers, commonly known as the Fanzi contracts.
Although the Dutch only governed Taiwan for 38 years, they greatly influenced the development of indigenous culture. To take the Sinckan Manuscripts as an example, the latest extant documents in the Sinckan script date back to 1813, more than 150 years after the Dutch left Taiwan in 1662.
Shortly after the founding of Taihoku Imperial University in 1928, one of the scholars in the linguistics department, Naoyoshi Ogawa , gathered together a number of old texts in Tainan. In 1931, Naojiro Murakami edited and published them under the title ''The Sinckan Manuscripts''. The compilation contained 109 "fanzi contracts," of which 87 were from the Sinckan settlement; 21 of those were bilingual in Han characters and Sinckan.
History and Background
The Sinckan language was spoken by the Siraya tribe that lived in what is now . During the time when Taiwan was under the administration of the Dutch East India Company, Dutch missionaries learned Sinckan to facilitate both missionary work and government affairs. They also created a romanized script and compiled a dictionary of the language, teaching the natives how to write their own language.
In 1625, Maarten Sonck, the Dutch governor of Taiwan, requested that the Netherlands send two to three missionaries to Taiwan for the purpose of converting the natives. However, the first group to arrive were visiting missionaries who did not have the authority to perform baptism rites. It was not until June of 1627 that the first real minister, Rev. Georgius Candidius, arrived, upon which missionary work in Taiwan began in earnest. The first area to be targeted, the Sinckan settlement, had many converts by 1630.
In 1636, the Dutch started a school for the Sinckan that not only featured religious instruction, but also provided schooling in Western literature. Because the Dutch advocated missionary work to be done in the native language, the school was taught in the Sinckan language. The missionary Robertus Junius recorded in his 1643 education report that the Sinckan school had enrolled 80 students, of which 24 were learning to write and 8 to 10 had solid penmanship, while in neighboring Baccaluan school there were 90 students, of which 8 knew how to write.
Aside from proselytizing, the missionaries also compiled dictionaries and books of religious doctrine; they translated Gospel of Matthew into Sinckan and also compiled a vocabulary of Favorlang, another aboriginal language. These would become important sources for later research. The most important Sinckan documents were the contracts between the Sinckan and the Han settlers, commonly known as the Fanzi contracts.
Although the Dutch only governed Taiwan for 38 years, they greatly influenced the development of indigenous culture. To take the Sinckan Manuscripts as an example, the latest extant documents in the Sinckan script date back to 1813, more than 150 years after the Dutch left Taiwan in 1662.
Origins of the Sinckan Manuscripts
Shortly after the founding of Taihoku Imperial University in 1928, one of the scholars in the linguistics department, Naoyoshi Ogawa , gathered together a number of old texts in Tainan. In 1931, Naojiro Murakami edited and published them under the title ''The Sinckan Manuscripts''. The compilation contained 109 "fanzi contracts," of which 87 were from the Sinckan settlement; 21 of those were bilingual in Han characters and Sinckan.
Saisiyat language
Saisiyat is the language of the , a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan . It is a Formosan language of the family. It has approximately 4,750 speakers.
* Austronesian languages
** Northwest Formosan languages
*** Saisiyat
The language area of Saisiyat is small, situated in the northwest of the country between the and regions in the mountains .
Today, one thousand Saisiyat people do not use the Saisiyat language. Many young people use or instead, and few children speak Saisiyat. Hakka Chinese speakers, Atayal speakers and Saisiyat speakers live more or less together. Many Saisiyat are able to speak Saisiyat, Hakka, Atayal, , and, sometimes, Min Nan as well. Although Saisiyat has a relatively large number of speakers, the language is .
*
*
Classification
* Austronesian languages
** Northwest Formosan languages
*** Saisiyat
Language area
The language area of Saisiyat is small, situated in the northwest of the country between the and regions in the mountains .
Usage
Today, one thousand Saisiyat people do not use the Saisiyat language. Many young people use or instead, and few children speak Saisiyat. Hakka Chinese speakers, Atayal speakers and Saisiyat speakers live more or less together. Many Saisiyat are able to speak Saisiyat, Hakka, Atayal, , and, sometimes, Min Nan as well. Although Saisiyat has a relatively large number of speakers, the language is .
Dialects
*
*
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